People underestimate how important it is to share others’ experiences in order to understand them, according to ShanghaiTech University’s Haotian Zhou, Elmhurst College’s Elizabeth A. Majka, and Chicago Booth’s Nicholas Epley. People tend to think they can understand others simply by watching them—but they can’t read people as well as they think. Understanding another person actually requires getting perspective by being in his or her situation.
In a series of experiments, Epley and his team laid out what influences our perception of another person’s experience, and what we believe influences it. In one study, the researchers had participants (“experiencers”) view pictures of various types of events—positive, neutral, or negative—and rate how the pictures made them feel. They had a separate group of participants (“predictors”) rate how they believed the experiencers were feeling.
Participants tended to overestimate the importance of being able to read someone’s expressions and to underestimate the importance of being in his or her situation.
The researchers had some predictors watch a video of the experiencer’s facial expressions. They had others see only the picture the experiencer was observing, and a third group saw both the video of the experiencer as well as the picture he or she was observing.
The predictors who saw the pictures experiencers were rating were dramatically more accurate than those who only saw the video of the experiencer’s expressions—more accurate 92 percent of the time in one experiment. Watching the video of experiencers’ expressions did not seem to do anything to increase accuracy. People who saw both the video and the picture the other person was rating were no more accurate than those who simply saw the picture. Once predictors had put themselves in the role of experiencers, by looking at a picture, “reading” the experiencer didn’t further improve accuracy.
But people aren’t aware of this discrepancy. In a follow-up study, participants tended to overestimate the importance of being able to read someone’s expressions and to underestimate the importance of being in his or her situation. Participants believed that seeing a video of another person’s expressions would make them more accurate, when accuracy actually came from knowing what the other person was observing.
The findings suggest that people have too much confidence in their ability to read people. If you truly want to understand someone else, sharing his or her experience is much more effective.
Haotian Zhou, Elizabeth A. Majka, and Nicholas Epley, “Inferring Perspective versus Getting Perspective: Underestimating the Value of Being in Another Person's Shoes,” Psychological Science, February 2017.
New York Times columnist David Brooks talks to Chicago Booth’s Nicholas Epley about how seemingly small, everyday interactions can significantly shape our lives.
David Brooks on How to Make Others Feel Valued
The answer affects financial planners, caregivers, and many other surrogate decision makers.
Why We’re So Bad at Making Choices for Others
Acquiring even mundane details about a stranger can shake our sense of anonymity.
The More We Know about Others, the More We Think They Know about UsYour Privacy
We want to demonstrate our commitment to your privacy. Please review Chicago Booth's privacy notice, which provides information explaining how and why we collect particular information when you visit our website.