The biggest threat to public health from fracking is water pollution, according to the US Environmental Protection Agency. But in 2005, Congress exempted fracking by oil and natural gas producers from the Safe Drinking Water Act, then nearly 30 years old.
State governments, starting with Wyoming in 2010, came up with a hack to help protect their citizens: a requirement that companies disclose most of the toxic chemicals they use in fracking. Seventeen other states followed over the next six years, accounting for most jurisdictions where fracking takes place, write University of Hong Kong’s Anson Jiang and University of Toronto’s Baohua Xin. The researchers find that those disclosures prompted residents of affected areas to take “defensive measures” such as buying bottled water.
Fracking involves cracking underground rock formations by forcing high-pressure fluids into bedrock to release untapped reserves of oil and gas. The average fracking job injects 5 million gallons of liquids containing thousands of chemicals classified as known or possible carcinogens, the researchers report. The chemicals can contaminate ground and surface water through spills, leaks, and inadequate treatment, and have been shown to impair the quality of drinking water.
The researchers studied the impact of the disclosure mandates in counties with active fracking. Most of the states with imposed reporting require oil and gas operators to post information about the chemicals they use on the national FracFocus registry, an open public platform.
Jiang and Xin used the NielsenIQ Retail Scanner data set housed at Chicago Booth’s Kilts Center for Marketing to track household purchases between January 2006 and December 2019, covering the period before and after the introduction of the disclosure mandates across fracking and nonfracking US counties.
They find a 13 percent increase on average in the consumption of bottled water over the course of the study in fracking counties, which they take as an indication that households responded to the public-information programs and took proactive measures to mitigate their risks and exposure to toxins.