Note: This article was originally published in the Winter 2009 issue of Chicago Booth Magazine.
In 1969, David Booth packed up his Valiant convertible and left Lawrence, Kansas, to begin the doctoral program at Chicago GSB. For a diehard Jayhawk, it was a major step. Booth had spent his teenage years in a house just down the street from Allen Fieldhouse. He had already earned a bachelor’s in economics and a master’s in business from the University of Kansas. And he was certain that once he’d earned his PhD, he’d return to KU as a professor.
But Booth had experienced an epiphany—and it had Chicago GSB written all over it. During his master’s program, he took finance from Frank Reilly, PhD ’68. The syllabus had included the efficient markets theories of Merton Miller and Eugene Fama, MBA ’63, PhD ’64, and Booth recognized right away that these were driving “a fundamental paradigm shift.” He wanted to be part of the revolution. Reilly, he recalls, told him Chicago was “the only place to go.”
Booth didn’t become a professor. Instead, building almost entirely on what he experienced at Chicago—both the insights he gained into efficient markets and the relationships he forged there—he co-founded the maverick investment firm Dimensional Fund Advisors. Since opening its doors in 1981, the firm has grown into one of the largest institutional fund managers in the United States. As of October 2008, Dimensional managed about $120 billion in assets, with many of its funds routinely beating the benchmarks.
“The world was changing very rapidly, and Chicago was really at the center of it.”
Booth’s arrival at Chicago as a doctoral student is a great example of perfect timing. Over the previous ten years, the business school had emerged as an undisputed if iconoclastic finance powerhouse, with talent that included future Nobel laureates Miller and Myron Scholes, MBA ’64, PhD ’70, and, of course, Fama. These scholars didn’t have to go far to get the data demanded by their rigorously empirical work: much of it was supplied by the first-ever historical stock price database, created in 1960 at Chicago’s Center for Research in Security Prices (CRSP) by James Lorie and Lawrence Fisher.
“It was a wild time to be at Chicago,” Booth says. “The world was changing very rapidly, and Chicago was really at the center of it.” The work that was done in Chicago between 1963 and 1973 in finance, he says, has yet to be surpassed by any other business school anywhere.
Booth’s very first course at Chicago was finance, taught by Fama himself. “That was probably my life-changing event,” he says. “It was a two-quarter sequence, and we didn’t even have a textbook. It was all photocopies of data material. Fama and Miller had gotten together and decided to write a textbook, and we had the rough draft.” On the first day, Booth recalls, Fama told the students that his class would be the most practical one they would ever take. “I was young and naïve enough to believe him—and it turns out in my case to have been true.”
Booth returned to the finance course in his second year, this time as Fama’s teaching assistant. He calls the experience “a mixed blessing”—but not, as some may suspect, because of Fama’s legendary directness (Booth calls him “an incredibly honest guy” and “abundantly fair”). Rather, Booth still rues that he didn’t take full advantage of collaborating with the man whose theories changed his own way of thinking and the world of finance in general. “Every afternoon I would go into his office and he’d hand me pages of handwritten notes of stuff he wanted me to work on,” Booth recalls. “I felt like I was taking this guy’s money—he’s working harder than me. I don’t think I’ve met anybody as competitive as Gene in my whole career, and one doesn’t usually think of that competitiveness when you think of professors.”
Fama’s combination of drive and brilliance convinced Booth that maybe academia wasn’t for him after all. “He was smarter than I was and willing to work harder—how was I ever going to compete with people like him?” he says. “I thought there must be more like him out there. I didn’t realize he was unique.” Fama took the news in stride, and helped Booth, now with an MBA, find his first job: an analyst at Wells Fargo Bank in San Francisco, where he worked on one of the first index funds with John A. “Mac” McQuown.
Booth’s TA experience with Fama was pivotal for another reason: one of the students in the class was a former seminarian turned MBA student named Rex Sinquefield, ’72. Their enthusiasm for efficient markets thinking was equally avid, and throughout the decade after they left Chicago, they remained in touch. Like Booth, Sinquefield also was pioneering index funds as a trust officer at American National Bank and Trust in Chicago. Many of their conversations centered on their shared and growing frustration with the finance sector’s reluctance to pursue the implications of efficient markets theories, especially when it came to small cap stocks.
By 1981, they were convinced that the entrepreneurial route was the only way to go and they formed Dimensional Fund Advisors.
Rather than be one more management firm to assert they could beat the market through stock picking, Dimensional would base its ability to look at the interplay of all three dimensions “and engineer solutions around it.” The first of these “solutions” was exactly what Booth and Sinquefield had lobbied for unsuccessfully at their previous jobs: a small cap fund that was fully indexed.
Another early move by Booth was to call Fama and ask him to serve on the board of the mutual funds managed by Dimensional, building the brain trust that has become one of Dimensional’s most unusual and frequently singled-out features. In short order Miller, Scholes, and Roger Ibbotson, PhD ’74, also signed on; George Constantinides, Ken French, Jack Gould, and Abbie Smith would join them in the years to come. Only one Dimensional director, Nobel Prize winner Robert Merton, does not have Chicago on his vitae. According to Financial Advisor Magazine, one consultant who has worked with Dimensional described the firm as “an applied think tank from the University of Chicago.”
But while Dimensional’s academic bench was stellar from the start, its original corporate trappings were decidedly down-to-earth. Dimensional’s first world headquarters was in a spare bedroom of Booth’s Brooklyn Heights brownstone. When he requested six phone lines, New York Telephone initially refused. “They thought we were running a bookie joint,” he says. “I ended up having to call up the VP of finance and say, ‘Look, we’re a struggling firm out here in Brooklyn, can you send somebody out?’ So they did—and they became a client.”
It wasn’t just Dimensional’s phone requests that initially seemed outlandish to outsiders. While indexing would one day become an industry standard, in 1981, it was regarded as radical at best. Dimensional’s principals and sales teams made more than one thousand calls in the first two years of the firm’s existence, and rejections were the norm.
But it didn’t take too long for their way of thinking to gain traction. When the New York Times profiled newcomers to the pension management business in 1983, the story opened with the sentence, “David Booth makes it look easy.” By then, Dimensional had landed 48 corporate pension fund accounts worth $650 million. “And he still has time to take midday jogs across the Brooklyn Bridge,” the story gushed.
"It’s a strong belief system that gives us a degree of freedom to be innovative.”
Booth told the Times he expected Dimensional’s approach to investing wouldn’t be unique for long. He was wrong. “Nobody else has tried to imitate what we do,” he says now. “It’s really funny—and staggering—because to my mind it’s Economics 101. And I think it’s because at this basic level, we have this belief in how markets work that we learned at the GSB that’s difficult for most people to accept. It’s a strong belief system that gives us a degree of freedom to be innovative.”
For its part, the financial press has always been somewhat flummoxed by the way Dimensional has leveraged intellectual heft and data-driven certitude to reap mind-boggling results. Reading the firm’s clips conjures up an image of Albert Einstein meets Elmer Gantry, with writers evoking a vocabulary that includes “wonky,” “brainiac,” and “über intellects” as well as “crusade,” “revival meeting,” “zealots,” “religious cult,” and “fundamentalists.” It’s not lost on Booth that these are often the same words used to describe the business school itself. The success of his company, he says, should offer more than enough proof that Chicago theories pay off with real-world rewards. “Our business proposition is the value added by implementing these ideas,” he says.
While Booth himself decided against a career in academia many years ago, he’s never left it completely behind. He’s written numerous scholarly articles, and one he co-authored with Fama, “Diversification Returns and Asset Contributions,” won a Graham and Dodd Award from the Financial Analysts Journal in 1992. And he’s still very much committed to passing on to others the ideas that changed his life. Classrooms are standard features at Dimensional’s offices. Potential clients not only have to pass a rigorous screening process, they also have to attend a mandatory and decidedly un-cushy two-day seminar on the theories behind Dimensional’s success. Expenses are not paid. (“We don’t even give them pens,” Dimensional’s Daniel Wheeler, told Bloomberg News.)
Learning Dimensional’s fundamentals isn’t everyone’s cup of tea, Booth admits. The ideas don’t lend themselves to a 30-second sound bite, and “our challenge is to find people who are willing to invest enough time to learn the message.” Seeing that happen, he adds, has been one of the great rewards of his professional life. “You see the light go on,” he says. “It’s a transformative experience.”
Bloomberg News has wryly noted that many Dimensional advisors “travel in a parallel universe where the rest of the world seems to be completely out of its mind.” But one seminar attendee has a retort to such charges: “People say it’s like drinking Kool-Aid, that we’re in a trance,” he said. “That’s a bunch of BS. All we did was become educated, and everyone who is doing active management is not.”
“Chicago made it easier for me to accept uncertainty and the effects of random outcomes."
As an added bonus, attendees are often schooled in Dimensional’s fundamental principles by the very people who invented them—most notably Fama. “I’ve known Gene Fama now for 39 years and he still uses the same types of transparencies,” Booth says laughing. “The whole world has gone to PowerPoint except Gene.”
Booth continues to believe that there’s also a lot to learn from Chicago that isn’t in theories or curricula. He credits the business school for showing him the value of encouraging intense, open debate. “It had a pronounced effect on the way we manage our firm,” he says. And he feels his own personal belief system has been shaped by the principles of uncertainty and randomness that underlie efficient markets. “Before the University of Chicago, I had a tendency to always connect, to always look for causality,” he says. “Chicago made it easier for me to accept uncertainty and the effects of random outcomes. Studying it in detail makes you much better prepared to go through life and be more accepting.”
Booth has never forsaken his beloved Jayhawks—KU’s Booth Family Hall of Athletics, a gift from all the Booth siblings in honor of their parents, is testimony to the family’s enduring bonds. But he also counts himself among Chicago’s biggest fans. “My adult life has been just one continuous exposure to the ideas at Chicago,” he says. “I was thinking this the other day: too often people outside of business think of businessmen as people who make some sort of Faustian pact in order to get ahead. I see my career as spreading the word about efficient markets and helping people have a much better investment experience. So my pact with Chicago is a kind of anti-Faustian pact.”
Anonymous gift to provide UChicago’s veteran scholars the opportunity to pursue accelerated joint AB/MBA degrees.
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Linnea Roberts, ’90, and her husband, George Roberts, recently made a $1 million gift to the Boundless Scholarship Initiative at Chicago Booth.
An Investment in Scholarship and Alumnae
In an effort to continue to attract the best and brightest students, Chicago Booth has launched the Boundless Scholarship Initiative.
Boundless Possibilities for Chicago Booth Students
